Category Archives: Love and Marriage

Emotional truth

By Tracy Barrett, W & M Contributor

One factor that draws many people to historical fiction—and Civil War reenactments, the Society for Medieval Anachronism, Renaissance Faires, etc.—is curiosity about how it felt to live at a different time. I share this curiosity; I love to be so immersed in a former time that I’m startled to look up from a book’s pages and find myself in the twenty-first century. I first experienced this when reading Lucile Morrison’s The Lost Queen of Egypt, and then with Sigrid Undset’s Kristin Lavransdatter and Robert Graves’ I, Claudius.

Part of my fascination is the evocation of the time—the houses the characters lived in, the food they ate, the clothes they wore, the games they played. But what really draws me in is the feeling that I’m sharing the characters’ emotions.

Avoiding anachronism in emotion is one of an author’s most difficult feats. How, we wonder, could parents of the past have survived the death of one-third of their children? How could a teenager have accepted without question that she was to marry a man many years her senior, who had been chosen for her by someone else? If the character is horrified, we’re not being true to the time. But if we present a child’s death or an arranged marriage to an unpleasant old man matter-of-factly, we risk jarring the reader at our character’s perceived callousness.

I try to come up with a situation analogous to one today and have my characters react appropriately for that. For example, until modern medicine improved infant mortality rates, parents might react to the death of a child the way most Western people would react to the death of a pet: you’d be sad, you’d probably cry, you’d tell your friends, you’d never forget that pet, you might keep its collar in a special place—but you would move on, in a way that the parent of a dead child could rarely manage to do today.

I think of an arranged marriage as being similar to having parents choose a teenager’s high school. The teen might have some say, and if she really, really hated the idea of a particular school and another one was available, the parents might yield to her wishes. But they might not, and that wouldn’t be child abuse.

Here’s how I handled my main character’s reaction in my work in progress to hearing that an acquaintance had lost her husband and children to an illness several years earlier. She thinks: “Not unusual, but sad nonetheless. No wonder the woman had an air of bitterness about her.” I hope that reminds my reader that this kind of loss was common, while preserving my narrator’s humanity.

The Castrato and his Wife

By Helen Berry

Just one of the eighteenth-century equivalents of Warhol’s ‘fifteen minutes of fame’ was if a Georgian man or woman had the opportunity to make a deposition in a notorious court case.  Like the stage, the witness stand presented the deponent with a captive audience, and an assemblage of journalists waiting to give their critical verdict in the gossip columns.

One such deponent on 6 November 1775 was Charles Baroe, a Dublin grocer and former room-mate of the Italian opera superstar Giusto Ferdinando Tenducci.  Baroe had been called to give evidence in the London Consistory Court (the church court under the authority of the Bishop of London that had jurisdiction in English law over marital disputes).

The case was a libel issued by a young Irish girl, Dorothea Maunsell, for the annulment of her first marriage to Tenducci, although she was by then already married to another man, William Long Kingsman.  The success of her libel rested upon the need to prove whether Tenducci was by matter of fact as well as by ‘public reputation’ a castrato.

Understandably the singer did not submit himself to the humiliation of a physical examination.  Proving that Tenducci would have been unable to consummate his marriage to Dorothea was, however, required in law if the marriage was to be annulled.  As Tenducci’s bedfellow, Baroe had seen the singer in a state of undress.  He reported that some years earlier, back in 1765, he had asked Tenducci questions about his castration.

Obligingly, the singer ‘thereupon unbuttoned his breeches and shewed…the cicatrice or scar of the said operation, which [I]…clearly viewed, a little above the scrotum or testical bag’.  Warming to his subject, Charles Baroe added additional Baroque details for the benefit of the court.  In May, 1767, he recalled that he and Tenducci were again lodging together at a house in Dirty Lane, Dublin.  Baroe told the court how, ‘upon…Tenducci’s changing some thing, from one pair of breeches to another’, he had observed his friend taking ‘a red velvet purse out of one pair of his breeches, to put into another’.

Baroe asked Tenducci what he had got in the bag, thinking it was a relic, to which Tenducci replied ‘No; I have got my testicles preserved in this purse, and have had them there since my castration’.  Apparently, so the rumour went, the Catholic church deemed it lawful for an emasculated man to take communion, provided he had about his person the severed remnants of his manhood.

Baroe’s narrative, and selected highlights from the marriage annulment case involving Tenducci, eventually found their way into the seven-volume edition of T

rials for Adultery: or, the History of Divorces, in which readers could get their fill of  ‘Adultery, Fornication, Cruelty, Impotence, etc., from the Year 1760, to the Present Time’. The public appetite for such stories appears undiminished over the centuries. But Baroe’s ‘moment of fame’, and the consequences of this court case, reveal much about how Western societies became enmeshed in moral dilemmas surrounding sex and marriage, the modification of the human body for profit, and the ultimate price of fame.

 

Helen Berry is Reader in Early Modern History at Newcastle University. She is the author of numerous articles on the history of eighteenth-century Britain, and is the co-editor (with Elizabeth Foyster) of The Family in Early Modern England (2007). This is her second book.

Shame the Devil

By Debra Brenegan

In the mid-1800s, many women had one career objective – marriage. With few opportunities for higher education and adequate-paying jobs, it made sense that women focused on marriage as a means to future survival.

Enter Fanny Fern, the highest-paid, most-popular writer of the 1850s and 60s.

Fern (who most of us have never heard of) was admired by Nathanial Hawthorne, served as Walt Whitman’s literary mentor, outsold Harriet Beecher Stowe and played the part of nineteenth-century “Oprah” to her hundreds of thousands of fans.

When Fern wrote, people paid attention. They adored her spunk and sarcasm, her grit and courage. So, when Fern wrote in one of her weekly New York Ledger editorial columns that “marriage was the hardest way to get a living,” people took notice. Fern was no stranger to marriage. She was widowed once, escaped a second abusive marriage and eventually married a third man eleven years her junior.

She had learned a few lessons along the way. First, that men of her time handled the money – not because they were better at it (her first husband amassed loads of bad business debt), but because they had the legal right to. Likewise, women had no legal right to their children (even if a husband turned out to be abusive). Lastly, if a woman happened to have a career of her own, her husband could legally make all decisions regarding that career, including if and when said career would end.

Fern had been burned by the social and legal constraints of the day and wrote columns advising women to make their own ways in the world, to embrace education and non-traditional careers as a final solution to personal survival. Hence her famous words about marriage . . . and the fact that she married for the third and last time only after she penned one of the country’s first prenuptial agreements, which her egalitarian husband happily signed.

Debra Brenegan is an Assistant Professor of English and Women’s Studies at Westminster College. Her historical novel, Shame the Devil, is based on the remarkable and true story of Fanny Fern.

The Architecture of Romance

La Maison de Trianon, 1671-1687 (reconstruction)

By Christine A. Jones (W&M Contributor)

Not long after the construction of the legendary Taj Mahal, Louis XIV built a monument to passion, but it was not for his wife, Queen Maria Theresa. Over the course of his reign, he fell in love with other women who came to live at Versailles. His second paramour, the Marquise de Montespan, was a stunning social climber who caught his eye in 1666. Montespan’s penchant for excess was striking and earned her a dubious reputation at court. The king’s sister-in-law, the Duchesse d’Orléans, registered her distain in scathing descriptions. “[...] Montespan was a very capricious creature, who could never restrain herself in any way,” and “her ambition exceeded her debauchery.” Little wonder that Louis XIV adored her.

The king celebrated their passion in 1670 with an extravagant getaway built at one end of Versailles’ Grand Canal. Inspired by the Marquise’s taste for luxury, the King commissioned a richly exotic pavilion the likes of which Europe had never seen: its roof was covered in thousands of sparkling ceramic tiles and vessels done in the style of “blue and white” Ming china. Entering the “Trianon de porcelaine” was like walking into a porcelain universe. Inside, tiles covered the floors, painters finished white walls with cobalt blue motifs, and woodworkers contributed identically patterned furniture. Gardens were planted in such abundance that sometimes the scents were overwhelming. Architectural historian, André Félibien, recorded in 1673 that, “everyone found the palace enchanting.” It was a fairy-tale castle for a storybook romance.

But don’t look for it at Versailles today. During the 1680s, the aging king fell for the devoutly religious Madame de Maintenon, who turned him away from the wanton passions he had shared with the Marquise. Louis demolished the porcelain love shack in 1687 and built the Grand Trianon in marble to immortalize the glory of his reign, which, unlike his love, stood the test of time.

Christine A. Jones teaches French 17th/18th-century literature and culture at the University of Utah. She writes on fairy tales, porcelain, dance, and, most recently, wine.

Old Photos and Mandolins: Sources of Inspiration

By Ann Weisgarber

Old Photos and Mandolins: Sources of InspirationIt started with a 1902 photograph of businessmen and cowboys, college students and cattle ranchers. Their suit jackets were buttoned, their white collars were starched, and each man had parted his hair in the center. They were The Bozeman Mandolin and Guitar Club, and when Dennis White saw the photo, he was inspired. Determined to revive the tradition, he helped form The Montana Mandolin Society in 1999. Today, it tours the country playing in concert halls and at festivals.

Inspiration struck me, too. I loved the music, but it was the story about the photograph that captured my imagination. I was writing a novel that took place in 1917 in the South Dakota Badlands. Like the Montana Mandolin Society, my novel was based on an old photo I had seen. The connection felt like fate, and I was determined to include a mandolin player in the book.

I listened to the CD, and the image of a young woman sitting in a wagon at a blacksmith’s came to me. She was in the Badlands, her horse had thrown a shoe, and she was a long way from her home in Montana. Yet, she sat on the buckboard and played her mandolin. In my mind’s eye, Rachel and Isaac, my main characters, were so caught up in the music that they danced. Years later, the memory of the dance gave Rachel the courage to make a difficult decision.

I wrote the chapter and entitled it “The Mandolin Player,” my nod to a 1902 photograph.

About the author: Ann Weisgarber was born and raised in Kettering, Ohio. She was a social worker before earning a master’s degree in sociology at the University of Houston and becoming a teacher. She divides her time between Sugar Land and Galveston, Texas.

The Personal History of Rachel DuPree

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Image Credit: Christine Meeker

The First Typewriter: Gift To A Blind Woman

By Carey Wallace

Half-way through writing the first draft of The Blind Contessa’s New Machine, a historical fantasy based on the invention of the world’s first typewriter, I got stuck.

The actual facts of the historical story had practically begged to become a novel: a beautiful Italian noblewoman, gone blind in the flower of her youth. A local inventor, inspired by her beauty to create the world’s first typewriter. The complication that both of them were married to other people. The lush backdrop of early nineteenth century Italy.

But seventy-five pages in, the tensions established, the stage set for the typewriter’s appearance, I had a narrative problem. Why did this story need a typewriter? What events could possibly lead the characters I’d created to invent the new machine, as they actually had? I struggled with the question in the abstract for several days, but it wasn’t until I dove back into the story itself that I found the answer.

It was deceptively simple: Carolina, the contessa, wanted to write a letter to Turri, the inventor. When I had her sit down to do that with the tools she would have had at hand: a pen, ink, sealing wax, and open flame – I knew immediately why Turri would have been inspired to invent his new machine. For a blind person, these simplest elements of communication would have been not only virtually impossible to negotiate, but genuinely dangerous – which is why most early typewriters weren’t conceived of as commercial products, but as writing aids for the blind.

Carey Wallace, author of The Blind Contessa’s New Machine: A Novel (Pamela Dorman Books), was raised in small towns in Michigan. Her work has appeared in Oasis, SPSM&H, Detroit’s MetroTimes and quarrtsiluni, which she guest-edited in 2008. To read more about the author and the book click here.

IMAGE: Young blind girl with an early typewriter

Shakespeare’s One True Muse

By Doug Stewart

In London in early 1795, a poorly educated apprentice of 19 named William-Henry Ireland forged a stream of papers that appeared to be in William Shakespeare’s handwriting. As nothing of the sort had ever been seen before, the documents caused a sensation. Especially exciting were papers clearing up vexing gaps in Shakespeare’s private life.

The playwright’s admirers had long been troubled by his apparent neglect of his wife, Anne Hathaway, whom he’d abandoned to Stratford when he moved to London. His notoriously uncharitable will bequeathed her only his “second-best bed.” Could this woman be the figure who inspired him to create such poignant romantic heroines as Juliet, Rosalind, and Imogen?

Yes, she could be and she should be, William-Henry had decided. To buttress his case, the young forger composed a five-stanza love poem, ostensibly from the couple’s wooing days. It began:

       Is there inne heavenne aught more rare
       Thanne thou sweete Nymphe of Avon fayre? . . .

Accompanying the poetry was a love letter from Will to his “dearesste Anna” along with a luxuriant lock of brown hair—a keepsake from one of William-Henry’s female friends, actually.

To the boy’s father and his fellow Bardolaters, these effusions were a thrilling revelation. The letter was not much loftier than whatever note William-Henry’s ex-girlfriend might have included with the lock in the first place, and the poetry was sentimental doggerel. But encountered under lamplight as hard-to-decipher script on sepia-colored paper, the documents seemed to be a window directly into Shakespeare’s heart.

Doug Stewart is a freelance journalist who writes frequently about history and the arts for Smithsonian magazine. His articles have also appeared in Time and Discover. He lives in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The Boy Who Would Be Shakespeare: A Tale of Forgery and Folly (Da Capo Press, 2010) is his first book.

IMAGE: Love letter with the lock of hair

The women who modeled for the Impressionists

By Stephanie Cowell

In 1860 Paris, the lovely models strolled around the famous fountain at Pigalle, hoping an artist would approach to hire them for a few hours or longer. In the winter perhaps they waited in a café, nursing a coffee or an absinthe.

They were not cheap for a poor artist such as the struggling Renoir or Monet; a woman could expect four or five francs for a three-hour session, though that was less than the cost of one of the more expensive new tubes of oil paint. The women were paid more than male models because the height of their beauty had a shorter season but an artist had to buy coal for his stove to warm her and often endure the presence of her mother as chaperone.

Sometimes the young male artists fell in love with their models. Aline Charigot was a seamstress when she met Renoir, but Claude Monet’s lovely Camille Doncieux was of good family and was largely disowned by them when she took off to live in poverty with Claude without so much as a wedding ring.

Edouard Manet had several models. He painted his wife nude but he soon was painting his exquisite artist colleague Berthe Morisot; conjecture varies to this day whether she did more than model for him. His most famous model was likely from the Pigalle professional models. She was Victorine Meurent who posed as Olympe lying nude on a sofa which so enraged the public when it was first shown that men tried to ram umbrellas through it. Manet loved women and who knows what may have occurred between him and the red-haired Victorine?

The years passed and by 1880 the group of men now known as the impressionists slowly became better known. Claude Monet’s love would die tragically young and Renoir’s Aline grow old, fat, a mother of sons, and greatly loved. And Victorine?

Ah, Victorine! Edouard Manet promised to leave her something when he died and she wrote a wistful note to his widow reminding her and saying that she was in need. As far we know, the request was never answered.

And the wintry days waiting for a job at the Pigalle fountain? In 1885 one of the models opened an agency for his colleagues in the boulevard de Clichy and painters and sculptors came there to make their choice not from the models themselves but their photographs. By then the womens rate was ten francs an hour, more if she were very pretty.

Stephanie Cowell, a former classical singer, is the author of five books, including her most recent, Claude & Camille: A Novel of Monet. She lives in New York, with her husband, a poet and reiki practitioner, not far from all the impressionist paintings at the Metropolitan Museum.

IMAGES: Monet’s first painting of his love Camille

Congratulations to the following winners:

Frances, Michelle, and Hannah

We’ll be in touch real soon!

History Remembered

By Chloe Schama

Theresa’s temporary home in Edinburgh, 12 Randolph Road (I was staying at 39 Randolph Avenue), was covered in scaffolding when I visited it for the first time. The house was clearly in a state of overhaul: dust covered the windows and paint flaked from its walls. There were paint cans and brushes clustered together on the stoop and a ladder leaning against the front of the house. Weeds flourished in the garden.

One of the construction workers eyed me with justified curiosity as I stood looking at the house. There was no National Heritage blue-circle signifying historical landmark status posted above the door; no one else was snapping photos. But I was certain that I had found a treasure.

When I stumbled upon this story in the library, I was immediately convinced that I had found the type of history that the hallowed halls of legendary landmarks tend to silence – the type that lingers in letters and haunts street corners, the type that is too often forgotten, but provides the most intimate, personal portrait of the past.

As Walter Benjamin said, “to articulate the past historically, does not mean to recognize it ‘the way it was’ … it means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger.” There is always a danger that the less obviously and traditionally important, prominent, and powerful individuals will be left out of the history of human experience. In this inadequate surveillance of the past, the human affections that bridge history are lost.

Chloe Schama has written for the New Republic, the New York Sun, and the Guardian. She lives in Washington, D.C. Her first book, Wild Romance: A Victorian Story of a Marriage, a Trial, and a Self-Made Woman, is the biography of Theresa Yelverton. (released March 2010).

IMAGES: Edinburgh, England

Congratulations to the following winners:

Nancy, Mystica, Urbano, and Suzanne.

We’ll be in touch real soon!

Death of a Starlet

By Deborah Blum

In the year of her death, starlet Olive Thomas, was a favorite of Hollywood gossip magazines. Married to Jack Pickford – younger brother of screen star Mary Pickford, she and her husband had a reputation for intense partying and intense quarreling, usually over his numerous side affairs – he’d developed syphilis as a result of one of them.

In early September 1920, the couple flew to Paris, reportedly on a reconciliation holiday. They checked into the Hotel Ritz and whirled off to enjoy themselves in a Prohibition-free city. After one particularly drunken spree, Pickford and Thomas staggered into their hotel room at nearly 3 in the morning.

As Pickford told the police, he was dozing when Olive began screaming “Oh my God, my God.” He stumbled into the dimly lit bathroom, where she was leaning against the counter. Mistaking it for her sleeping medicine, she had picked up a bottle of the bichloride of mercury potion that he rubbed on sores caused by syphilis, and swallowed a large dose. He carried her to the bed and called for an ambulance. “I’m poisoned,” she whispered.

As the story broke, newspapers spread the rumors: his infidelities had driven her to suicide; he’d tricked her into taking poison. By the time she died three days later, he was a murder suspect.

But the police investigation concluded that it was, as Pickford had said, just a terrible accident. They happened frequently. In New York City, the medical examiner calculated that mercury bichloride caused about 20 deaths a year. Still Thomas had definitely given the poison a fleeting star status.

Deborah Blum is a professor of science journalism at the University of Wisconsin and author of The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York.

IMAGE: Olive Thomas and Jack Pickford