Category Archives: Art

An Old Man and His Garden: The Story Behind Giverny

By Stephanie Cowell

The Water Lily Gardens at Giverny

The Water Lily Gardens at Giverny

Claude Monet always wanted a garden, but his years as a struggling artist had seldom allowed it. He was forty-three years old and still rather poor when he first rented the house at Giverny. He had recently lost his beloved wife Camille. He moved in with his two sons, his new sweetheart Alice, and her children. Many years later he purchased additional land to create his water lily gardens. By then he had six gardeners and a great deal of money.

In the last twenty years of his life, Claude Monet cloistered himself inside Giverny and painted almost nothing else but his flower gardens. The deaths of his stepdaughter, Alice, and his older son Jean had wounded him; he had seen the horrors of the Great War and his eyesight was failing. I think he sought to find some peace and eternal truth in the reflections of clouds and willow tree branches in the water. Though he was a man who did not believe in God, many people find his paintings deeply spiritual.

He was eighty-six when he finished the last great paintings and died a few months later.

Slowly the gardens began to fall apart. His devoted stepdaughter Blanche remained in the house, retaining only one gardener. However, when she died in 1946, the property was inherited by Monet’s younger son Michel who neglected it. Rats infested the gardens; the lily pond shrank to a fetid pool, closing around the broken remains of the rotted Japanese bridge. The windows of the house were broken and three large trees grew in the studio. The earth took back everything.

It was only on Michel’s death that the Académie des Beaux-Arts began to restore the gardens as Monet had planned them. After several years of work, they were opened to the public; the directors expected perhaps a few thousand visitors a year. Today that number exceeds half a million.

When I visited there to research my Monet novel, I could almost imagine the old painter himself pushing through the crowds of tourists, murmuring, “Don’t trample the flowers, don’t trample the flowers.”

About the author: Historical novelist Stephanie Cowell is the author of Nicholas Cooke, The Physician of London, The Players: a novel of the young Shakespeare, Marrying Mozart and Claude & Camille: a novel of Monet. She is the recipient of the American Book Award. Her work has been translated into nine languages. Her website is http://www.stephaniecowell.com.

Claude & Camille: a novel of Monet

Machiavelli: A Biography

By Miles Unger

Machiavelli: A BiographyDuring the years I lived in Florence, it was hard to escape the shadow of Niccolò Machiavelli. His presence is not as immediately obvious as that of his near contemporaries: Brunelleschi, Donatello, Leonardo, and Michelangelo. These artists represent the sunny side of the Renaissance, the chamber-of-commerce approved representatives of the city. Their brilliant creations have made Florence synonymous with the highest achievements of civilization.

But if you look closer you can feel just as strongly the imprint of the cynical Second Chancellor of the Republic. It can be experienced most directly in the massive Palazzo della Signoria, his workplace for the decade-and-a-half he was employed in government service. The fortress-like structure, with its crenellations and defensive tower, embodies the violent side of medieval and Renaissance Florence and goes a long way toward explaining Machiavelli’s dark view of politics. This same paranoia is visible in most of the city’s Renaissance palaces, from the Medici to the Pitti to the Pazzi – these last rivals of the Medici who murdered the brother of the city’s unofficial ruler and were almost destroyed in turn.

Machiavelli’s city house near the Ponte Vecchio no longer stands, but it is still possible to visit his country farmhouse, ten miles west of Florence in the village of Sant’ Andrea in Percussina, where, looking down on the rooftops of his beloved hometown, he wrote The Prince. Here, communing with the ghosts of the great political heroes of the past and contemplating the violent folly of his own contemporaries, Machiavelli gave birth to a revolution in human thought, contemplating the frightening prospect that men and women were doomed to live with no guidance from a benevolent God.

About the author: Miles Unger is a writer and historian based in Massachusetts. He is the author of Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de’ Medici and Machiavelli: A Biography.

Machiavelli: A Biography

Art, Buildings Projects, and the Rockefellers: 5 Things You May Not Know

By Suzanne Loebl

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Posing in Overcoat and Top Hat OutdoorsModern art was the only subject on which John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (Junior) and wife Abby disagreed. He hated modern art. To prove his point Junior built The Cloisters, a medieval art museum, considered to be among America’s finest. His other donations celebrate artifacts of the ancient Near East and Colonial America.

Abby courageously championed modern and contemporary art. She co-founded the Museum of Modern Art, which one time was the world’s most important taste-making institution. Mrs. Rockefeller used her own money to buy art her husband disliked, sequestered her avant-garde collection of mostly prints on the top floor of her house, and apologized to her artist friends that she could not afford buying their oils. John D. 3rd, their eldest son, agreed with Dad, while Blanchette, his wife, sided with Abby, but also kept her collection out of her husband’s sight.

While it was being built (1929-1939) Rockefeller Center, now universally acclaimed as a masterpiece of the 20th century, was considered an abomination by the New York’s architectural community.

Three decades later when Nelson Rockefeller rebuilt the government center in Albany, the project, nicknamed “Saint Petersburg on the Hudson,” was equally lampooned.

During fifteen years John D. 3rd chaired the construction of New York’s controversial Lincoln Center. Keeping peace among six independent cultural institutions was an ungrateful task, which the NY Times described as “Six Architects in Search of a Center.”

About the author: Suzanne Loebl is a Brooklyn and Maine based award-winning writer whose books deal with a variety of subjects.

America's Medicis: The Rockefellers and Their Astonishing Cultural Legacy


Image Credit: www.corbisimages.com

Origins of the Bolshoi Ballet School

By Daphne Kalotay

Daphne KalotayResearching the Bolshoi Ballet, I was surprised to learn that its Academy has its origins in the Moscow Orphanage.

Catherine the Great founded the orphanage in 1763. Profoundly interested in the arts, she also established the Directorate of Imperial Theatres, which oversaw all official artistic productions. This was an era when “French style” dance had become a favorite entertainment of the privileged classes; Russian nobles often employed serf ballerinas to perform for guests. In other words, ballet was an artistic amusement provided by those serving the aristocracy.

When it was decided the orphanage should include ballet lessons, Catherine hired Filippo Beccari, who had danced as a member of the St. Petersburg Court Theatre. Beccari was soon given a more specific commission: to prepare his students not merely with ballet training but as professional dancers. The story frequently told says that Beccari was so certain he could make dancers of his charges within three years, he agreed to forgo a salary and be paid according to his success rate: for each soloist he produced, he would receive the princely sum of 250 rubles; for each corps de ballet dancer, 150 rubles. Sure enough, at their debut in 1776, over a third of the students – all of whom were either orphans or serf entertainers – went on to become soloists in Moscow or St. Petersburg companies. The remaining 38 became corps de ballet members.

It moves me to know that these dancers came from unprivileged circumstances, that many had never known their parents. In the opening chapter of my novel Russian Winter, the protagonist and her best friend audition for the Bolshoi School on the morning that the friend – although she doesn’t yet realize it – has just lost her parents. Though on the page I never mention the ballet school’s roots as an orphanage, the truth was there in the back of my mind, informing that scene.

About the author: Daphne Kalotay is the author of the novel Russian Winter. She lives in the Boston area.

Russian Winter

Giveaway is closed.

Would you like an email notification of other drawings? Sign up for our giveaway email list by clicking here.

The Mystery of Who Made the Horses

By Charles Freeman

The Mystery of Who Made the Horses

Even now that they are under cover within St. Mark’s basilica in Venice, the four Horses of St. Mark’s still have an extraordinary impact. They are the only example of a quadriga, a team of four horses, to have survived from antiquity and they are truly superb works of art.

The Venetians looted them from Constantinople after the notorious Fourth Crusade of 1204. They are so beautifully crafted that many have felt that only one of the greatest sculptors of antiquity, Pheidias, or Lysippus, Alexander’s the Great’s favourite sculptor, must have made them. This would place them back in the fifth or fourth centuries BC but metal cannot be dated and their style was difficult to place.

The mystery of their date and origin may now be solved. The horses were cast in copper, a challenging metal to work with because its melting and solidifying temperatures are so high. There must be a reason. The horses are gilded and we now know that the method used, with mercury being heated off from the gold, only works on copper. Bronze corrodes. The conservationist Andrew Oddy, from the British Museum, discovered that this process was only known from the second century AD. This was the breakthrough.

We know the horses were made to be seen from below. In the second century this meant a triumphal arch and only emperors were allowed to erect him. The emperor Septimius Severus had conquered Byzantium, later Constantinople, in the 190s and as good a bet as any is that he commissioned the horses to go atop an arch built in the city to celebrate his triumph. They were still there when the Venetians found them a thousand years later.

About the author: Charles Freeman is a freelance academic author and Historical Consultant to the prestigious Blue Guides series. He leads study tours of Italy, including Venice, and most recently is author of the Blue Guide to Sites of Antiquity (2009). His other books include the bestselling The Closing of the Western Mind, A.D. 381, The Greek Achievement, and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. When not exploring the Mediterranean, he lives in Suffolk, England.

The Horses of St. Mark's

Giveaway is closed.

Would you like an email notification of other drawings? Sign up for our giveaway email list by clicking here.

Image Credit: Andreas Tille

Sewing through the years

By Judi Ketteler

In case you don’t know, sewing is what all the cool girls are doing now. This was most certainly not the case when I was 16, but sewing has made a transformation from dying art to hipster hobby. Today’s fabric is gorgeous, the patterns are fabulous, and the web sites and blogs devoted to sewing are crazy with inspiration and talent.

To see other women (and young girls) embracing this activity I’ve always loved so much thrills me. But as I started to research my book, Sew Retro: 25 Vintage-Inspired Projects for the Modern Girl & A Stylish History of the Sewing Revolution, I realized sewing’s history has been a bumpy one—full of shady characters, narrow and problematic assumptions about women’s roles, and incredible flashes of talent. Let’s just say the needle and thread have been around the block a few times, and been rejected and embraced many times over in the last few centuries.

A good place to start is the invention of the modern sewing machine by Isaac Singer in the early 1850s. Other inventors had tried, but Singer was the first to make it work. The descriptions I’ve read of Singer characterize him as a bit of a ladies’ man, out for a quick buck and a cheap thrill (I’m guessing people locked up their liquor and their daughters when he came to town). Nonetheless, his engineering know-how made women’s lives so much easier. Of course, is it fair that women were stuck doing all the sewing, as well as taking care of the house and the kids, with no real say in the matter? Of course not. Nineteenth-century domesticity—for all its beautiful artifacts—was no picnic. But at least a sewing machine meant women didn’t have to take every stitch by hand. Commercial sewing patterns were introduced in the 1850s (Butterick produced the first sized patterns in 1863), and by the 1890s, patterns looked similar to how they look today (directions and pattern pieces inside an envelope).

Movies, History, and Books for Kids

By Melissa Luttmann

Don’t you just love the movie Gone with the Wind? The beautiful costumes, the intriguing heroine, the quotable lines…it’s a great work of fiction. And I wish that more people would take notice of those last three words: work of fiction. Gone with the Wind is a delightful movie, but not every detail in it is historically accurate.

If you write a novel set during one of Hollywood’s favorite historical periods (of which the Civil War is one), your young readers may come to it thinking that they know everything there is to know about that time. After all, they saw it in a movie, and Hollywood wouldn’t lie. As historical fiction writers, there isn’t much we can do about the way films portray history, but we can and should be aware of the notions our readers may have gotten from them.

If there are well-known films set during the same time period as your novel, watch them, whether they’re recent releases or classics. Sometimes you may be pleasantly surprised by how many historical details the filmmakers got right.

At others you may find a major misconception you’d like to clear up. (I personally am grateful to the authors whose books showed me that not all Southerners owned plantations with hundreds of slaves.) But either way, you’ll know what impressions your readers may have of your time period.

DISCUSSION:

Do you agree that kids’ impressions of history can often come from movies?

Do you think most films are fairly accurate in how they portray history, or do they often get the details wrong?

Melissa Luttmann is the YA Editorial Assistant for Wonders and Marvels. You can read more about her here: Editorial Staff.

A little acetone can be profitable

By Philip Mould

I should never have risked it. Looking back now I would never try it again. But put yourself in my position, a hunter of paintings who had recently realised the consummate joy of being able to surf the worlds auctions without even having to move from my desk. In the mid 1990′s EBay was amongst the first to offer good enough digital images to make decisions from a screen, and I had just managed to buy a highly exciting portrait which, now unwrapped, was blinking at me from under the bright lights of my gallery easel.

I decided to restore it myself – something I always leave to the professional restorers, but this new arrival was different. Firstly I had managed to pick it up from an American seller for the paltry sum of $180 as an early 19th century American portrait by an unknown artist . More compellingly, I could see clearly what had happened to it and how it might be reversed with the help of a bottle of acetone I had at the ready.

The face of the portrait, that of an eighteenth century gentleman, gazed at me with ironic formality, a look that befitted its age, but in this instance, possessed an unusual authority. The paint strokes were honeyed, fluent and applied by a master of glazing – a paint technique which, if done well as it was here, allows one colour to shine through another with seductive brilliance. The gentleman’s jacket on the other hand was embarrassingly bad: the construction was wooden, anatomically confusing, and painted with about as much skill as a jobbing pub sign painter on his first assignment. The urge to remove it myself overcame my normal professional judiciousness.

Bit by bit I began to apply swabs of acetone-drenched cotton-wool. His lumpy shoulders began to melt, the swabs became saturated with dissolving paint, and from beneath began to emerge another form, altogether different from his straight jacket of later paint. Working now at a feverish pitch, holding my breath with every application of a new swab, over the course of an hour I revealed a new coat and body, as subtlety and lyrically painted as the head.

What had happened was that a ham-fisted restorer had decided to repaint the body in order to disguise a tear in the canvas that ran across his coat. A properly trained restorer would simply have attended to the scar with careful in-painting. The painting that had emerged was an Ipswich work by the greatest portrait painter at work in England in the 1750′s – Thomas Gainsborough. It was also worth in excess of $35,000.

Philip Mould, author of The Art Detective: Fakes, Frauds, and Finds and the Search for Lost Treasures (Viking Adult), appears regularly on the BBC’s The Antiques Roadshow, owns an art gallery in London, and is the art adviser to the British House of Commons and House of Lords, and even sold a painting to the Queen of England. He lives in London.

IMAGE: Portrait of a Gentleman by Thomas Gainsborough (1727 – 1788), circa mid 1750s

Using Museums for Historical Research

By Melissa Luttmann

Every reader loves juicy historical details, and kids are no exception. Descriptions of unfamiliar foods, interesting objects, or everyday activities are a great way to establish your setting and to interest young readers.

But how do you discover these specific historical tidbits? You can uncover them in books, of course, but I’ve found that an even better way is to head to a museum.

I’m not talking about the Smithsonian here, although you could certainly find some great information there. Instead, your best bets are likely to be small museums with very specific focuses. I’ve been road tripping in New England this past week, and I’m amazed by the wealth of information you can find if you know where to look.

If you’re searching for in-depth coverage of early American furniture, Russian icons, or African-Americans in World War II, you might want to consider heading up this way. These museums aren’t known on a national scale, but they’re some of the best resources for the areas they cover.

Museums are filled with objects you can examine all you like (though you generally can’t touch them), which is incredibly helpful when you want to write a description of one. In addition, they feature knowledgeable staff who are more than happy to answer your questions.

I’ve found that these people tend to be very passionate about their area of expertise and will often give you much more information than you asked for. But that’s okay, because you can never do too much research…right?

DISCUSSION:

What do you think about using museums to research historical fiction?

Are there any that you’ve found to be especially amazing?

Melissa Luttmann is the YA Editorial Assistant for Wonders and Marvels. You can read more about her here: Editorial Staff.

It’s rough, but someone has to do it….

Eglise Saint-Jean de Malte

By Holly Tucker

While Wonders & Marvels hums along as usual (with the help of my amazing editorial team), I’m actually spending the summer in France. Yes, France. To be more precise, the South of France. Aix-en-Provence. Yes, it’s a rough life.

I’m here teaching at my university’s study abroad program. We’ve had a program in Aix for almost 50 years. One of the greatest perks for faculty is that we get to teach in rotation here.

Several years ago, my family and I spent a full year in Aix. So being here is like coming home. In fact, just yesterday, we had our neighbors—whom we’ve known for years–over for an American breakfast. You can imagine how fun it is to serve grits and bacon here!

Aside from the grits, I can’t begin to tell you how delicious it is to be here. First, of course, because of all of the delicacies to be found. Fresh fruit and vegetable markets dot the city each day. Olives, tapenade [an olive spread], fresh goat cheese, and wine—de préférence, rosé, are a staple for our evening aperitif.

It’s delicious to me for an even more important reason, however. As a professor, I am nearly giddy with the opportunities my students and I get to share together. I’m teaching a course called “Textes et Contextes,” which covers history, art, and literature from the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century.

Last week, I talked to the students about medieval architecture—and particularly the shift from Roman to Gothic styles in church construction. A student had a question about a specific type of arch. I pulled up some Google images to give her a better idea. Then it occurred to me…duh, we were literally RIGHT NEXT DOOR to a 13th century church: Saint Jean de Malte.